The Infinite Mind – Jupiter Science
At jupiterscience.com, explore a universe of ideas where mathematics meets science — uncovering patterns, principles, and discoveries that expand the boundaries of understanding.
What is a Chemical Reaction?
A process in which one or more substances get transformed to produce new substance or substances is called a Chemical Reaction. A chemical reaction involves changes in the position of electrons of atoms by restructuring chemical bonds, with no changes to the nuclei of…
Probability Cause and Effect Problem
Question What does it mean for one event ? to cause another event ? – for example, smoking (?) to cause cancer (?)? There is a long history in philosophy, statistics, and the sciences of trying to clearly analyze the concept of a cause. One tradition says that causes…
Probability Problem: Suppose you roll a fair die two times. Let ? be the event “THE SUM OF THE THROWS EQUALS 5” and ? be the event “AT LEAST ONE OF THE THROWS IS A 4”. Solve for the probability that the sum of the throws equals 5, given that at least one of the throws is a 4. That is, solve ?(?|?).
Solution We have A = (1,4), (2,3), (3,2), (4,1) B = (1,4), (2,4), (3,4), (4,4), (5,4), (6,4), (4,1), (4,2), (4,3), (4,5), (4,6) \( P(A|B) = \dfrac {P(A∩B)}{P(B)} \) \( A∩B = (1,4), (4,1) \) The sample space comprises of 6×6 = 36 eventsHence,\( P(A∩B) = \dfrac{2}{36} =…
THEOREM# \( \lim_{\theta\to0} \dfrac{sinθ}{θ} \) = 1
We have \( \lim_{\theta\to0} { \sin\theta \over \theta } \) = 1 Consider the below diagram. We have r = radius of the circle.A = centre of the circle.The sector ⌔ formed by the arc BD subtends an angle θ at the centre. Case 1 : θ > 0 i.e. θ is +ve Let 0 ≤ θ ≤ \(…
Theorem# \( \lim_{x \to a} { x^n – a^n \over x – a } = na^{n-1} \)
To prove : lim\( _{x \to a} { x^n – a^n \over x – a } = na^{n-1} \) where n is a rational number Proof: Let \( x = a + h \) Then as \(x \to a \), we have \(h \to 0 \) Now, \( \lim_{x \to a} { x^n – a^n \over x – a } = \lim_{h \to 0} { (a…
Theorem# Limit of tanθ as θ → 0
Proof : We have, lim\(_{θ\to 0} { \dfrac {\mathrm tan \mathrm θ}{ \mathrm θ} } \) = lim\(_{θ\to 0} { \dfrac {\mathrm \sin \mathrm θ} {\mathrm θ \mathrm \cos\mathrm θ} } \) \( \{∵ \tan\theta = \dfrac…
Theorem# Limit of cosθ as θ → 0
As θ → 0, we have cosθ → 1 Proof : When θ = 0, We have, lim\(_{θ\to 0} \cos \)θ = cos0 = 1 { ∵ cos0 = 1 } Hence, lim\(_{θ\to 0} \cos \)θ = 1
Derivative of \(\mathsf { x^{n} }\) using the First Principle
Let y = \(\mathsf {x^{n} }\) ∴ y + δy = \(\mathsf { {(x + δx)^{n}} }\) ∴ δy = y + δy – y = \(\mathsf { (x + δx)^{n} }\) – \(\mathsf { x^{n} }\) or δy = \(\mathsf { [\text{ }^{n}C_0 x^{n}{(δx)}^{0} }\) + \(\mathsf {\text{ }^{n}C_1 x^{n-1}{(δx)}^{1}}\) + \(\mathsf…
Derivative of \({e}^x\) using First Principle
Derivative of \({e}^x\) using the First Principle Let \(y\) = \({e}^x\)∴ \(y + δy\) = \({e}^{x + δx}\)∴ \(δy\) = \({e}^{x + δx}\) – \({e}^x\)or \(δy\) = \({e}^{x}\) . \( [ {e}^{δx} – 1 ]\)Dividing each side by δx </h3>or \(\dfrac {δy}{δx}\) = \( \dfrac { {e}^{x}…
Derivative of sinθ using the First Principle
Derivative of \( sinθ \) using the First Principle Let \(y\) = \( sinθ \) ∴ \(y + δy\) = \( sin(θ + δθ) \) ∴ \(δy\) = \( sin(θ + δθ) \) – \( sinθ \)From Trigonometry , we have \( sin(A-B) \) = 2.\( sin \dfrac {(A-B)}{2} \).\( cos \dfrac {(A+B)}{2} \)Using the above…