Learn about arithmetic geometric and harmonic series with 5 examples each. Discover the formulas and how to solve problems.
Understanding Arithmetic Geometric and Harmonic Series: 5 Examples Each
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Recent Articles in Mathematics
Why Does the Harmonic Series Diverge? A Simple Explanation
Learn why the harmonic series despite growing slowly doesn't converge. Explore different explanations for this fascinating mathematical concept.
What is the Exponential Limit of x^x as x approaches 0+?
Discover the fascinating exponential limit of x^x as x approaches 0+. Learn the solution using logarithms and L'Hôpital's rule.
Limit Evaluation Made Easy with L'Hôpital's Rule
Learn how L'Hôpital's Rule simplifies limit evaluation. This guide will help you solve limits efficiently.
Understanding L'Hôpital's Rule for Limits: A Comprehensive Guide
Learn how L'Hôpital's rule helps evaluate indeterminate forms in limits. This guide provides a complete explanation and examples.
Understanding Quadratic Polynomial Zeroes: Example and Explanation
Discover the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial passing through specific points.
Determining Inequality Coefficients for Positive Real Numbers
Explore the inequality coefficients problem for positive real numbers and find possible permutations.
Understanding Implicit Differentiation and Differential Equations
Explore implicit differentiation and its relation to differential equations in our new quiz feedback.
Solving the Distinct Real Numbers Problem with Equations
Explore the solutions for distinct real numbers satisfying specific equations in this insightful blog post.
Calculating Distance in 3D: Understanding Triangular Relationships
Learn how to calculate distance in 3D using triangular relationships and trigonometric ratios.
How to Find the Remainder of Polynomial Division
Learn how to find the remainder of polynomial division using standard and alternate methods.
New Types of Infinity Challenge Traditional Views in Set Theory
Discover exacting and ultraexacting cardinals new types of infinity challenging traditional set theory views and potentially resolving long-standing conjectures.
Calculating Car Distance Traveled with Uniform Acceleration in 10 Seconds
Learn how to calculate the distance a car travels with uniform acceleration. Find the distance covered in 10 seconds.
Understanding Sophie Germain Primes: Properties Applications and Algorithms
Discover Sophie Germain primes special prime numbers with unique properties. Learn about their relation to safe primes applications in cryptography and how to identify them using Python.
Proving the Generalized Function Equality for Cosine Series
Prove the equality of cosine series in generalized functions. Learn how to manipulate trigonometric series for advanced applications.
Solving the Surjective Function Equation f(x) for Positive Real Numbers
Discover the surjective functions f(x) that satisfy the equation 2xf(f(x)) = f(x)(x + f(f(x))) for all positive real numbers x.
Solving Functional Equations: Finding f(x) and g(x)
Discover how to find functions f(x) and g(x) that satisfy a specific functional equation. Explore different cases and solutions.
Solving Surjective Functions: A Functional Equation Approach
Discover how to find all surjective functions f:R→R satisfying a specific functional equation. Learn the key steps and techniques.
Solving Functional Equations: Tips and Tricks for Midterm Prep
Struggling with functional equations for your math midterm? This post provides tips and tricks including substituting values using mathematical induction and finding fixed points to help you solve these challenging problems.
Finding the Value of ‘a’ for Piecewise Function Continuity at x = 0
Determine the value of ‘a’ to ensure continuity of a piecewise function at x = 0 using limits and Taylor series.
Finding the Limit of a Trigonometric Function: Limit of Cosine to the Power of x
Calculate the limit of cos(√x) raised to the power of 1/x as x approaches 0 from the right. Learn the Taylor expansion method for solving this type of limit problem.
Evaluating the Exponential and Logarithmic Limit: x^x as x approaches 0+
Learn how to evaluate the limit of x^x as x approaches 0 from the positive side using logarithms and L’Hôpital’s rule. Find the answer!
Finding the Limit Using L’Hôpital’s Rule: x ln(1 + 1/x)
Learn how to evaluate the limit of x times the natural log of (1 + 1/x) as x approaches infinity using L’Hôpital’s Rule.
Evaluating the Trigonometric Limit: lim x→0 (sin(5x) – sin(3x))/x^3
Find the limit of a trigonometric expression as x approaches 0. Learn how to use trigonometric identities to solve this problem.
Vector Addition and Magnitude: A Step-by-Step Guide
Learn how to add two vectors and find the magnitude and angle of the resultant vector. This guide provides a step-by-step explanation.
Understanding Vectors in Mathematics: Definition Operations and Applications
Learn about vectors in mathematics their properties and how they’re used in physics computer graphics and machine learning.
Proba-3 Satellite Successfully Launched by PSLV-C59: A Mission of Precision and Collaboration
Proba-3 a cutting-edge Sun-observing satellite successfully launched from Sriharikota. The mission aims to advance space weather research.
Proving Mathematical Propositions: Direct Indirect and Other Methods
Learn various methods for proving mathematical statements including direct proof indirect proof (contradiction and contrapositive) proof by cases and mathematical induction. Explore examples and applications.
Just-in-Time Compilation: A Deep Dive into Speed and Security
Learn about just-in-time (JIT) compilation its benefits drawbacks and use cases in modern programming.
Navigating the CBSE Board Exams 2025: A Comprehensive Guide
Conquer the CBSE Board Exams 2025 with our guide! Learn effective study strategies, time management tips, and overcome exam anxiety for success.
Comprehending the Additive Inverse of an element: An Essential Mathematical Principle
The additive inverse of an element, a fundamental concept in mathematics. Learn how to determine it and why it matters.
Understanding Additive Identity in Mathematics
Explore the concept of Additive Identity in Mathematics and its importance in algebra and number theory.
An Introduction to Probability for Beginners (Lecture Class Presentation Notes Nov 2023)
What is probability? Probability is a fundamental concept in mathematics and statistics that deals with the likelihood of an event occurring. It is a way to quantify uncertainty and make predictions based on available information. In simple terms, probability is a...
The Three Dimensions
In physics and geometry, the concept of "three dimensions" refers to a spatial framework necessary to describe the position or location of an object fully. Each dimension provides a unique axis that, together with the others, can describe any point in space. Here’s a...
Scientific Notations
Scientific notation is a way to express very large or very small numbers in a compact form. It's especially useful in fields like science, engineering, and mathematics where such numbers frequently occur. The notation is based on powers of 10. Here's the general form:...
Multiplication Rule in Probability
The multiplication rule in probability is used to find the probability of the intersection of two or more independent event
Addition Rule in Probability
Addition Rule calculates the probability of one or more events occurring. For mutually exclusive events, add individual probabilities. For non-mutually exclusive events, add individual probabilities and subtract the probability of both events occurring.
Derive the Mean or Expected Value of Random Variable that has Poisson Distribution
Finding the Expected Value μ (mean) of Random Variable that has Poisson Distribution
λ (lambda) in Poisson distribution
In probability theory and statistics, λ (lambda) is a parameter used to represent the average rate or average number of events occurring in a fixed interval in the context of a Poisson distribution.
Derive the Second Moment of the Poisson Distribution
Derive the formula of Variance of the Poisson Distribution
Suppose the diameter of aerosol particles in a particular application is uniformly distributed between 2 and 6 nanometers. Find the probability that a randomly measured particle has diameter greater than 3 nanometers.
uniformly distributed aerosol particles between 2 and 6 nanometers
Mastering Probability Theory: A Comprehensive Guide to Random Variable
Probability theory is a fascinating subject that has many applications in the real world. Understanding the basics of random variables and probability distributions is essential for anyone working in a field that deals with uncertainty. By mastering probability theory, you can make better decisions and improve your ability to analyze and interpret data.
Practical Examples of Continuous Random Variables
Practical illustrations of Random Variables that we are exposed to in our daily life
Trigonometric Functions
The six trigonometric functions are defined below. Refer to the above diagram to get the relational picture. sinθ = \( \dfrac {\mathrm{perpendicular}} {\mathrm{hypotenuse}} = \dfrac {p}{h} \) cosθ = \( \dfrac {\mathrm{base}} {\mathrm{hypotenuse}} = \dfrac {b}{h}...
sinθ (Sine of an angle)
cosθ (Cosine of an angle)
cscθ (Cosecant of an angle)
secθ (Secant of an angle)
cotθ (Cotangent of an angle)
tanθ (Tangent of an angle)
Pythagoras’ theorem
Pythagoras’ theorem is stated as : The sum of the areas of the two squares on the perpendicular(p) and base(b) of a right-angle triangle is equal to the area of the square on the hypotenuse(h). i.e. p2 + b2 = h2
Sides of a Triangle
A right-angle triangle is a triangle in which one of the angles measures 90°. Right-angled triangles have wide applications in mathematics and physics and as such, it became convenient to have specific names for their sides so that the problem statement in mathematics...
Trigonometric functions in terms of a unit circle context
The trigonometric functions can be described on an x-y coordinate plane (Euclidean plane) using a circle of radius 1 unit and cutting a sector that subtends an angle θ at the centre. Refer to the diagram below for details.
Relation between radian and degree
By definition, L (length of arc) = ( \dfrac { \mathrm{θ_{deg} } } {360} ) × Circumference (arc length is proportional to angle, one complete arc subtends 360° at center) Also, Circumference = 2 𝛑 r Hence, L = ( \dfrac { \mathrm{θ_{deg} } } {360} ) × 2 𝛑 r ...
Odd numbers
A number not divisible by 2 is called an odd number. Any number whose unit digit(last digit) is either 1,3,5,7 or 9 is an odd number. The set of all odd numbers is represented as Odd numbers = { 2n+1: n ∈ Z } where Z is the set of all integers. When an even...
Even Numbers
A number divisible by 2 is called an even number. All numbers whose unit digit(last digit) is either 0,2,4,6 or 8 is an even numbers. The set of all even numbers is represented as follows: Even numbers = { 2n: n ∈ Z } where Z is the set of all integers. Zero is...
Cartesian Product
The cartesian product of two sets A and B is defined as a set formed by all the possible ordered pairs of elements from A and B, such that the first element comes from set A and the second element comes from set B. The cartesian product is denoted as A × B. Let a and...
Ordered Pairs
An ordered pair is a 2-tuple formed by taking two elements (generally numbers but can be alphabets, characters, words or symbols). The general form of representation is (a, b) where a and b represent two distinct objects. The important thing with ordered pairs is that...
Tuples
Tuples in Relations and their examples
Relations & Sets
A Relation from set A to set B is defined as a set of ordered pairs formed from the elements of set A and B. In other words, a relation is a subset of the cartesian product of sets A and B. The subset is derived by establishing predicate filter(s) or criteria stating...
Even & Odd Functions
A function is said to be an even function if the sign of the image does not change when the sign of the preimage changes. Conversely, a function is called an odd function when the sign of the image changes when the sign of the preimage changes. For Even functions,...
Probability Cause and Effect Problem
Question What does it mean for one event 𝐶 to cause another event 𝐸 - for example, smoking (𝐶) to cause cancer (𝐸)? There is a long history in philosophy, statistics, and the sciences of trying to clearly analyze the concept of a cause. One tradition says that causes...
Probability Problem: Suppose you roll a fair die two times. Let 𝐴 be the event “THE SUM OF THE THROWS EQUALS 5” and 𝐵 be the event “AT LEAST ONE OF THE THROWS IS A 4”. Solve for the probability that the sum of the throws equals 5, given that at least one of the throws is a 4. That is, solve 𝑃(𝐴|𝐵).
Solution We have A = (1,4), (2,3), (3,2), (4,1) B = (1,4), (2,4), (3,4), (4,4), (5,4), (6,4), (4,1), (4,2), (4,3), (4,5), (4,6) \( P(A|B) = \dfrac {P(A∩B)}{P(B)} \) \( A∩B = (1,4), (4,1) \) The sample space comprises of 6×6 = 36 eventsHence,\( P(A∩B) = \dfrac{2}{36} =...
De Morgan’s laws
De Morgan’s First Law The complement of the union of two sets is equal to the intersection of their complements i.e. (A ∪ B )' = A' ∩ B' De Morgan’s Second Law The complement of the intersection of two sets is equal to the union of their complements i.e. (A ∩ B )’ =...
Cartesian Product of Sets
A cartesian product between two sets is defined as the set consisting of all possible ordered pairs that can be formed by taking one element from each of the sets at a given time. If A and B are two sets such that a ∈ A and b ∈ B, then the cartesian product between A...
Tuples
In mathematics, a tuple or a sequence is a list of objects arranged in an order. Such a list may have repeated objects but the order is more important. Such sequences or tuples are denoted as ( t1, t2, t3, …., tn ) where tn is the nth element of the list. Below are a...
Ordered Pairs
An ordered pair is a 2-tuple formed by taking two elements (generally numbers but can be alphabets, characters, words, or symbols). The general form of representation is (a, b) where a and b represent two distinct objects. The important thing with ordered pairs is...
Cartesian Product
The cartesian product of two sets A and B is defined as a set formed by all the possible ordered pairs of elements from A and B, such that the first element comes from set A and the second element comes from set B. The cartesian product is denoted as A × B....
Intersection operation on two sets
The intersection of two sets A & B is defined as a set that contains only those members which are common to both A and B. The intersection operation is denoted by the symbol ∩. Remember, for two disjoint sets (sets having no common elements), the...
Union of two sets
The union of two sets A & B is defined as a set that contains all the member elements of A and B. the union operation is denoted by the symbol ∪. One point to remember here is that the union of two or more sets always gives a set with distinct...
Complement of a set
The complement of a set A (that is a subset of a universal set U) is defined as a set that contains all the member elements and all subsets of U that are not part of the set A. The complement of a set is denoted using the symbol ‘ or c. Hence, A’ =...
Venn Diagrams in Sets
Venn diagrams are the pictorial or graphical representation of sets and the various relationships that exist between sets. The representation consists of a rectangular box representing the universal set(U). All sets that are in context are drawn as circles...
UNIVERSAL SET
When working with sets, a reference superset that contains all the sets and their subsets in context (i.e. the sets which are currently under consideration) is called a universal set. It provides a base set from which all of the sets of interest can be...
Partitions
Partitioning of a set is distributing the member elements of a set among a group of non-empty subsets in such a way that each member lies in only one of these subsets. ⇒ ∅ ( Empty Set ) cannot be the partition of any set. Examples ⇒ The set { 1, 2, 3 } can be...
Disjoint Sets
Two sets A and B are called disjoint when they have no element in common (except the empty set ∅ }.
Power Set
The set of all possible subsets of a set S is called the power set of S, written as P(S). Examples ⇒ The power set of { ‘a’ } is { ∅, {‘a’} }The power set of { 2, 3 } is { ∅, {2}, {3}, {2,3} }The power set of {1, 2, 3 } is { ∅, {1}, {2}, {3}, {1,2}, {1,3}, {2,3},...
Proper Subset
If A is a subset of B but A ≠ B, then A is called the proper subset of B, and B is called the proper superset of A. This relationship is represented as below A ⊂ B ( A is a proper subset of A )B ⊃ A ( B is a proper superset of A ) Examples ⇒ {...
Subset
If there are two sets A & B such that every element of A is also in B, then A is called a subset of B. In other words, A is contained in B. B is called the superset of A. In the set theory, this relationship is depicted as below...
Equivalent Sets
Two sets A and B are said to be equivalent(≡) if each element of A is also an element of B and each element of B is also an element of A. If elements are repetitive in one set, then it is not required for it to repeat in the other set for the two sets to be...
Equal Sets
Two sets A and B are said to be equal(=) if they have the same elements. The elements may not be in the same order. If an element appears n times in one set, then it must also appear n times in the other set. Mathematically, two sets A and B are equal if For each...
Finite Set
A set that has a definite number of elements is called a finite set else it is called an Infinite set. ⇒ A null set is a finite set. ⇒ For finite set S, n(S) is a finite number. ⇒ The standard mathematical sets like N, Z, R, etc. are all...
Singleton Set
A set that has exactly one member is called a singleton set. { 1 } , { ‘a’ } , { x3 | x ∈ N , 2 < x < 3 } are all singleton sets.
Empty Set
A set that does not have any members is called an empty set. ⇒ Such sets are represented as {} or using the symbol ∅ (derived from Φ) which has been explicitly developed to designate an empty set. ⇒ Sometimes { ∅ } is also...
Cardinality of Sets
The number of elements in a set is called cardinality. The cardinality of a set A is generally represented by |A| or n(A) meaning the number of elements in set A. Examples: The cardinality of the set { 1, 45, 2, 34 } is 4. The cardinality of...
Element Position in Sets
The position of elements in a set does not change the value or the meaning of the set. The above statement signifies that { 1, 2, 3 } and { 1, 3, 2 } and { 2, 3, 1 } are all the same set. A set is primarily a collection and not a sequential representation of elements....
Set Membership
As defined earlier, a set is a collection or group of objects. These objects are called members of the Set. This relationship is represented by using the symbol ∈. The symbol ‘∈’ means “is a member of ” or “belongs to” or “is an element of”. The...
Representation of sets
In mathematical terms, the members of sets are called elements. A set is represented by enlisting its member elements within curly brackets. There are three general conventions adopted for set representation – Roster, Ellipsis & Set-Builder form. Roster form...
Sets
What is a set? A Set is a collection of items. The collection can be either real-world objects or imaginary or theoretical entities. It can be a collection of numbers, alphabets, colors, countries’ names, etc.